Quote Originally Posted by kingnat View Post
... and I think the heat source on the interior (assuming everything is sealed properly) shouldn't need to be dramatic to provide noticeably higher temp than the exterior.
Yes, it doesn't take much.

You can put a few cold rocks in the center. Warm some other rocks in a campfire (make absolutely sure they're not flint, which will explode like a shrapnel grenade when heated in a fire). Place the hot rocks in a metal bucket, and place metal bucket on the cold rock-bed in the center of your shelter. You will want an extra set of rocks being heated at all times, and you'll switch them out. This is a very safe solution, but will cause you grief in the middle of the night when no one's tending the spare heat stones.

You can Google "flower pot space heater" and see some DIY ideas for a candle-powered solution.

It's hard to find a safe solution that will last for the 6 - 8 hours needed for uninterrupted sleep.