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Perhaps more informative to say

pot including villain's bet + hero's call

The equation is simply [Total Risk] / [Total Reward]
The total risk is the amount you have to call.
The total reward...

As a general rule that is always true.
The required equity MUST be less than 50% at all times.

The only way it could be as high as 50% is if there's no dead money in the pot.
The posted blinds...

Required equity is as good as any other name, so long as you recognize that's the same equation we've just been calling pot equity in our discussions.

bet/(bet + pot)
is identical to
(Price of...